Cement is a common material in construction industry. It is so common that sometimes people do not border to study it. When you ask someone “What is cement?", probably he/ she will just answer “A grey powder to bind materials together”.
水泥是建筑行業(yè)的常見材料。它是如此普遍，以至于有時人們不會去研究它。當你問別人 “什么是水泥？”時，他/她可能只會回答 “一種將材料粘合在一起的灰色粉末”。

The Malaysian Standard MSEN 197-1 defines cement as a hydraulic binder, i.e. a finely ground inorganic material which, when mixed with water, forms a paste which sets and hardens by means of hydration reactions and processes and which, after hardening, retains its strength and stability even under water. It is a versatile substance that is primarily used to bind aggregates together in mortar and concrete. When it is mixed with fine aggregates and water, it produces mortar. When it is mixed with fine and coarse aggregates, water and admixtures, it forms concrete.
馬來西亞標準 MSEN 197-1 將水泥定義為水硬性粘合劑，即一種精細研磨的無機材料，當與水混合時，會形成糊狀物，通過水化反應和過程凝固和硬化，硬化后即使在水下也能保持其強度和穩(wěn)定性。它是一種用途廣泛的物質，主要用于將砂漿和混凝土中的骨料粘合在一起。當它與細骨料和水混合時，它會產生砂漿。當它與細骨料和粗骨料、水和外加劑混合時，它會形成混凝土。

Portland cement was developed in England by bricklayer Joseph Aspdin in 1824. It gets its name from its resemblance upon hardening to the famous Portland limestone obtained from quarries on the Isle of Portland. Portland cement is the most important cement in terms of the quantity produced. The main “raw material” to produce Portland cement is Portland cement clinker. Portland cement clinker is produced by heating a mixture of lime, iron, silica and alumina in a rotary kiln at temperature up to 1450oC. When the materials sinters, it partially fuses into clinker balls. The clinker balls are then cooled and ground to a fine powder together with a small amount of gypsum and the resulting product is Portland cement.
波特蘭水泥由瓦工約瑟夫·阿斯普丁 （Joseph Aspdin） 于 1824 年在英格蘭開發(fā)。它的名字來源于它在硬化后與波特蘭島上采石場獲得的著名的波特蘭石灰石的相似之處。就產量而言，波特蘭水泥是最重要的水泥。生產波特蘭水泥的主要“原材料”是波特蘭水泥熟料。波特蘭水泥熟料是通過在回轉窯中加熱石灰、鐵、二氧化硅和氧化鋁的混合物，溫度高達 1450oC 而制成的。當材料燒結時，它部分融合成熟料球。然后將熟料球冷卻并與少量石膏一起研磨成細粉，所得產品是波特蘭水泥。

Cement Standards and Types of Cement
水泥標準和水泥類型

There is no universal international standard for cement because every country has its own standards. For example, the cement standard used in Malaysia is MSEN 197-1 (Malaysian Standard for Cement - Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements) which is adopted from the European Standard. There are 27 types of common cement specified in MS EN 197-1 and they are grouped into 5 main cement types as below:
水泥沒有通用的國際標準，因為每個國家都有自己的標準。例如，馬來西亞使用的水泥標準是 MSEN 197-1（馬來西亞水泥標準 - 常見水泥的成分、規(guī)格和合格標準），該標準是從歐洲標準中采用的。MS EN 27-197 中規(guī)定了 1 種常見水泥，它們分為 5 種主要水泥類型，如下所示：

CEM I Portland cement  CEM I 波特蘭水泥

CEM II Portland-composite cementCEM II 波特蘭復合水泥

CEM III Blastfurnace cement
CEM III 高爐水泥

CEM IV Pozzolanic cement  CEM IV 火山灰水泥

CEM V Composite cement   EMC V 復合水泥

Although MSEN197-1 is the main cement standard used in Malaysia, the American Standard ASTM C150 (Standard Specification for Portland Cement) is also sometimes being specified in some projects.  Both MSEN 197-1 and ASTM C150  classified cements into 5 main types namely Type I to V. However, the way these two standards classifying the type of cement is very different. MSEN classification is based on composition while ASTM classification is based on potential phase composition and application. Below is a summary of the types of cement classified in both standards for easy reference.
雖然 MSEN197-1 是馬來西亞使用的主要水泥標準，但美國標準 ASTM C150（波特蘭水泥標準規(guī)范）有時也會在一些項目中被指定。MSEN 197-1 和 ASTM C150 都將水泥分為 5 種主要類型，即 I 型至 V 型。然而，這兩個標準對水泥類型的分類方式卻大不相同。MSEN 分類基于成分，而 ASTM 分類基于潛在相組成和應用。以下是兩個標準中分類的水泥類型的摘要，以便于參考。

In addition to the type of cement, it is important to know the strength class of the cement you are using as well. There are 3 standard strength classes specified in MSEN 197-1 i.e. 32.5, 42.5 and 52.5. On top of that, 3 classes of early strength (2 days or 7 days) are included for each class of standard strength, a class with ordinary early strength, indicated by N, a class with high early strength, indicated by R and a class with low early strength, indicated by L.  Class L is only applicable for CEM III cements. These are the distinct low early strength blast furnace cements. Table below shows the strength requirement for each strength class specified in MSEN 197-1.
除了水泥的類型外，了解您使用的水泥的強度等級也很重要。MSEN 197-1 規(guī)定了 3 個標準強度等級，即 32.5、42.5 和 52.5。最重要的是，每類標準強度包括 3 個早期強度等級（2 天或 7 天），一個具有普通早期強度的類別，用 N 表示，一個具有高早期強度的類別，用 R 表示，一個具有低早期強度的類別，用 L 表示。這些是獨特的低早強高爐水泥。下表顯示了 MSEN 197-1 中規(guī)定的每個強度等級的強度要求。

Cement is sold both in bulk and bagged. The bagged cements sold in Malaysian market are generally classified into three types, namely the Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland Composite Cement and Masonry Cement. The Portland cements are general purpose cement which can be used for structural works and have to comply to MSEN 197-1. Masonry Cement which is used for plastering work has to comply to MSEN 413-1 (Malaysian Standard for Masonry Cement - Composition, specifications and conformity criteria) which is specifically for Masonry Cement. Masonry Cement is good for plastering work but cannot be use for structural work due to its low strength. In order to differentiate the Masonry Cement from the Portland cements, it is commonly associate with red bag in the packing.
水泥以散裝和袋裝形式出售。馬來西亞市場上出售的袋裝水泥一般分為三種類型，即普通硅酸鹽水泥、硅酸鹽復合水泥和磚石水泥。波特蘭水泥是通用水泥，可用于結構工程，并且必須符合 MSEN 197-1 標準。用于抹灰工作的砌體水泥必須符合專門針對砌體水泥的 MSEN 413-1（馬來西亞砌體水泥標準 - 成分、規(guī)格和合格標準）。砌體水泥適用于抹灰工作，但由于強度低，不能用于結構工作。為了區(qū)分砌體水泥和波特蘭水泥，它通常與包裝中的紅袋相關聯(lián)。

Factors to Consider   需要考慮的因素

Different types of cement have different characteristics. The most important variables are the rate of hardening, the strength gain pattern, the heat of hydration, the resistance of the hardened cement to sulfate chloride attack and other durability aspects. Construction documents often specify a cement type based on the required performance of the concrete or the placement conditions. Factors to be considered when selecting the right cement are :
不同類型的水泥具有不同的特性。最重要的變量是硬化速率、強度增加模式、水化熱、硬化水泥對硫酸鹽氯化物侵蝕的抵抗力和其他耐久性方面。施工文件通常根據混凝土的所需性能或放置條件指定水泥類型。選擇合適的水泥時要考慮的因素是：

a) Type of construction     a） 結構類型

b) Speed of construction     b） 施工速度

c) Compressive strength requirement    c） 抗壓強度要求

d) Strength development      d） 實力發(fā)展

e) Specific requirements such as chloride & sulfate environment, permeability tests, control of ASR, etc.     e） 特定要求，如氯化物和硫酸鹽環(huán)境、滲透性測試、ASR控制等。

Although the process for cement manufacturing is relatively similar across the world, the standards requirement can be vary. There are different types of cement and sometimes it can be difficult to determine the suitable cement for your project. When ordering cement for construction projects, do not extrapolate performance data for one cement as representing all cements. Work with your cement supplier to verify that the cement is suitable and meeting the requirements for the project and application.
盡管世界各地的水泥制造過程相對相似，但標準要求可能會有所不同。有不同類型的水泥，有時很難確定適合您項目的水泥。為建筑項目訂購水泥時，不要將一種水泥的性能數據外推為代表所有水泥。與您的水泥供應商合作，驗證水泥是否合適并滿足項目和應用的要求。

Thank you  謝謝

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